![]() ![]() In fact, the underlying D-factor is strong enough to account for an overall dark personality, even if the tests drop one of the nine traits altogether. The traits do tend to travel together, the researchers found. They then used statistical modeling to figure out if the traits tended to co-occur at high levels. In three separate studies in which several hundred to several thousand participants took online personality questionnaires, the researchers gathered a broad swath of data on each of these traits. ![]() The other six were egoism (a focus on one's own achievements) moral disengagement (the belief that ethical rules don't apply to oneself) psychological entitlement (the belief that one deserves more than others) sadism (pleasure from hurting others) spitefulness (the desire for revenge, even at one's own expense) and self-interest. Zettler and his colleagues expanded the list based on previous research, testing a total of nine dark traits. One of the most common groupings is the "dark triad" of narcissism (grandiose selfishness), Machiavellianism (willingness to manipulate people to get one's way) and psychopathy (callousness and antisocial behavior). Usually, researchers focus on no more than three or so dark traits at a time, Zettler told Live Science. ![]()
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